Trading

On the financial markets, traders are buying and selling financial instruments with the goal of profiting. These instruments can for instance be stocks or commodities. Derivatives are a special type of financial instruments that derives their value from under underlying asset, and derivatives are also very important for the financial markets. A stock option is an options contract used to speculate on the price of the underlying stock, a commodity option is a contract used to speculate on the price of the underlying commodity, and so on. Examples of well-known and commonly used derivatives are options, futures, and forwards.

The largest financial market of them all is the global forex market, where currencies are traded against each other. This market is decentralized and active 24/5. The basic feature of the forex market (foreign exchange market) is buying one currency and using another currency to pay for it. If you think the USD is about to increase in value against the JPY, you purchase USD and use JPY to pay for it. How much JPY you need to pay to get 1 USD is the exchange rate.

In the 21^st century, cryptocurrencies has also become very important for many traders. You can both speculate on the value of a cryptocurrency in relation to another cryptocurrency (e.g. the exchange rate between Bitcoin and Litecoin) and the exchange rate between a cryptocurrency and a fiat currency (e.g. Bitcoin vs. USD).

If you want to speculate on the movements of not just one asset (e.g. shares in one company or the price of green coffee beans on the world market), there are several ways to achieve this. Index speculation involves speculating on the movements of an index, e.g. a stock index. An index is calculated based on the market value of its constituents. The famous S&P 500 Index is for instance calculated based on the share prices of the 500 very large and exchange-traded United States stock companies that make up this index. The FTSE100 index is calculated based on the share price of 100 very large companies traded on the London Stock Exchange (LSE).

Another way to gain exposure to a group of assets instead of just one is to buy shares in an exchange-traded fund (ETF). An exchange traded fund is similar to a mutual fund, but ETFs are more popular among traders since the shares of an ETF is listed and traded on an exchange (e.g. the New York Stock Exchange) and traded continuously during the trading day. For a standard mutual fund, the normal rule is to only allow shares to be bought and sold once a day – which is not a problem for long term investors, but not popular among traders how want to be able to open and close positions all through the trading day.

Market Structure and Access

The orders from buyers and sellers are matched on financial markets. These markets may be centralized, such as a stock exchange, or decentralized, such as the foreign exchange (forex) market. When trading is not taking place on an exchange, it is known as over-the-counter (OTC) trading.

Brokers can give us access to financial markets, by serving as intermediaries between individual traders and the market. Some brokers offer direct market access, while others act as counterparties.

Today, trading takes place through specialized software known as trading platforms. In the retail space (trading for non-professional traders), some brokers will give you access to their own proprietary trading platforms while others will work together with third-party platforms such as MT4, MT5, or cTrader.

Depending on the jurisdiction and broker, your access may be limited to certain asset classes, leverage levels, or instruments.

In addition to the actual execution of traders, trading platforms can offer many other features that are useful for traders, such as real-time pricing data, support for charting and technical analysis, account management features, and risk management tools.

The structure of the market also determines how trades are settled. Exchange traded stocks, for example, are cleared through central depositories, while spot forex trades tend to be settled bilaterally between institutions. Understanding the mechanics of how a trade is entered, executed, and closed is essential.

Trading vs. Investing

While the terms trading and investing are often used broadly, and can overlap each other, trading is typically distinguished from investing by its shorter time horizon, greater frequency of transactions, and higher sensitivity to short-term market movements. Trading strategies can range from super-short scalping to multi-month position trades, and sometimes the distinction between long-term trading and short-term investing gets blurry.

Trading Strategies

There are several distinct approaches to trading, each defined by factor such as time horizon, strategy structure, and market engagement. Day trading (also known as intraday trading) involves opening and closing positions within the same trading day, with no overnight exposure. Scalping is a subset of day trading that is short-term even by day trader standards, as it focuses on minute and very short-term price fluctuations.

Traders who are willing to keep positions open over night, but still go for fairly short-term price movements, tend to favor swing trading. A swing trader will typically hold positions for several days or weeks, attempting to capture intermediate price moves.

Position trading is more long-term than swing trading, and typically involves holding positions open for weeks or months, sometimes even more than a year. While day traders and swing traders tend to rely heavily on technical analysis, position traders often used both technical analysis and fundamental analysis, including keeping an eye on broader macroeconomic trends.

Each type of trading requires a different approach to factors such as charting, risk control, and capital commitment. Traders should seek to align their style with both their market understanding and their tolerance for volatility and time in front of the screen. It is important to pick a broker and trading account that is suitable for the trading strategy you picked. Examples: A day trader does not have to worry about expensive over night fees, but do need a broker and platform that gives extremely quick market access and execution. For a position trader, exact timing and quick execution is less important, but an overnight fee structure suitable for a day trader can be highly unsuitable for the position trader.

Day Trading (Intraday Trading)

Day trading, also known as intraday trading, refers to a trading style where you are opening and closing positions within the same trading day. No positions are held open overnight. This type of trading depends heavily on liquidity, intraday price momentum, and having access to real-time market data.

Intraday traders focus on small price movements, which means they often use leverage to make the trades worthwhile. Fast execution, tight spreads, and disciplined risk control suitable for fast-paced environment are essential. Market noise—short-term price fluctuations that do not reflect broader trends—is both a challenge and an opportunity.

You can learn more about day trading on DayTrading.com

What is scalping?

Scalping is an especially aggressive, short-term, and time-sensitive form of day trading. Positions are typically opened and then closed again within seconds or minutes. The trader is not concerned with the direction of the overall market, only with taking small profits from minor price fluctuations. This makes is possible to profit even in markets that would look stale to traders who need clear directional trends for their strategies.

Because individual trade profits are small, scalping relies on opening huge positions (where even a 1 pip move represents a lot of money) or trading with a very high frequency to yield enough accumulated profits during the trading session. Some traders combine both methods.

Scalping places heavy demands on tight spreads, execution speed, trading infrastructure, and decision-making discipline. Slippage, latency, and reaction time can all affect performance. It is often unsuitable for retail traders unless they have access to low-cost execution and high-speed data. Some scalpers use specialized scalping software.

Swing Trading

Swing trading sits between day trading and position trading. A swing trader will typically hold on to a position for several days or several weeks, and the aim is to capture a portion of a trend without being overly concerned with short-term volatility. Swing traders often use technical analysis to identify potential reversal points, breakouts, or continuation patterns. They may combine this with macroeconomic or earnings data, but the decision-making process is typically chart-driven.

Many swing traders wait until a clear price trend has been established before they open a position, and then aim to close the position well before the trend being to reverse.

Because positions are held overnight, swing traders face exposure to gaps and news events that occur outside trading hours. This requires careful sizing and the use of protective stop-loss orders.

Position Trading

Position trading takes a longer view than swing trading, often aligning with broader economic themes or technical cycles that play out over months. This style is closer to investing, but still involves active management and detailed exit planning. The goal is to participate in major price movements with fewer transactions.

Position traders typically use weekly or monthly charts, fundamental analysis, and macroeconomic indicators to support their view. The strategy demands patience, a higher tolerance for drawdown, and a willingness to sit through periods of consolidation or correction while holding the position and not panicking. It is less sensitive to intraday volatility and more influenced by central bank policy, corporate cycles, and global market trends.

Event-Driven and News-Based Trading

Markets often react sharply to economic reports, earnings releases, geopolitical news, or central bank policy announcements. Some traders specialize in positioning ahead of these events or reacting immediately to them. This approach requires understanding not only the data itself but also how the market is likely to interpret it. Fast reaction time is essential, but so is context—what matters is not just whether the number is high or low, but how it compares to expectations and existing positioning. Risk can be high in this approach due to volatility spikes and widened spreads around the release.

Algorithmic and Automated Trading

Some traders use special trading software and pre-program it with rules before allowing it to execute trades automatically. These systems – also known as trading robots – can run continuously, scanning markets for specific conditions and opening and closing positions according to the pre-set rules.

Since algorithms rule this type of trading, it is known as algorithmic trading or simply algo trading. The algorithms can for instance be developed using technical indicators, volume data, or statistical models.

Automated trading removes emotional bias in the heat of the moment, but introduces different risks—such as software bugs, execution errors, or data feed delays. It is most often used in high-frequency contexts or for strategy testing at scale. Traders need coding skills or access to platforms that support strategy building through a graphical interface or scripting language. You can also purchase prebuilt systems, but you need to know how to properly evaluate and test them – otherwise you increase the risk of ending up with a poor system that will drain your trading account.

Trading Tools and Technology

Various software solutions – such as charting platforms, digital order execution systems, algorithmic trading robots, and real-time data feeds – form the infrastructure of modern trading. Platforms such as MT4, MT5, cTrader, and TradingView provide technical analysis tools and order management interfaces. More advanced traders may use programming environments and APIs to build or customize automated systems.

Access to market data plays a central role. Traders rely on price charts, indicators, economic calendars, and news feeds to inform decisions. While some strategies are entirely technical—relying on price action alone—others incorporate fundamental analysis factors such as a company´s earnings reports, changes in central bank policy, sudden geopolitical events, and market psychology.

Mobile apps now allow traders to manage positions on the go, while server-based systems can run trading bots continuously without manual input. However, reliance on tools must be matched by understanding. You need to be skilled and knowledgeable enough to properly evaluate the different trading tools and technological solutions that are available to you, and see both their potential and limitations.

Risk and Capital Management

All trading involves risk, and managing that risk essential if you want to stay in the game and not wipe out your trading account. Market direction is inherently difficult to predict and time, and even well-structured trades can lose money. Traders must use tools such as stop losses, position sizing, and diversification to prevent individual losses from damaging overall account health.

Capital preservation is fundamental, and skilled traders normally have rules in place for themselves which means they only risk a small percentage of their capital on each trade (typically less than 2% of the trading account balance). This approach recognizes that trading is a process of probability, not certainty, and that long-term success depends on managing exposure.

If you decide to use leverage, it is important to remember that leverage increases both potential gain and potential loss. While it allows traders to control large positions with smaller capital outlay, it also amplifies errors. Margin calls and forced liquidation are real risks in leveraged environments, especially when positions move rapidly against the trader.

Psychology

Market knowledge and technical skills are not enough on their own. Trading requires emotional discipline, consistency, and the ability to evaluate, adjust and improve over time. Emotions such as fear, greed, and overconfidence in the heat of the moment are common sources of error. Traders who abandon their strategy in response to short-term results or because the succumb to their emotions often fail to become long-term profitable.

Behavioral consistency—following a trading plan with discipline—is often what separates profitable traders from losing ones. The temptation to chase losses or override rules in response to emotional pressure must be managed actively. Journaling trades, reviewing performance, and applying structured routines can improve psychological resilience over time.

Use the tools at your disposal in a smart way to make it easier for you to stick to your plan. With stop-loss and take-profit orders in place, you can step away from the screen and let the software carry out your plan for the trade. Advanced trading platforms even allow for more complex order types, such as trailing stop-loss and take-profit points.

Broker Considerations

Broker selection is essential. A reliable broker should offer elements such as transparent pricing, fast execution, a clear withdrawal process, and strong customer support. Traders must also consider whether the broker acts as a market maker or provides direct market access, as this affects execution logic and conflict of interest risk. It is important to pick a broker that is suitable for your particular trading strategy and preferences when it comes to factor such as fee structure, order-types, and execution.

To avoid jurisdictional complexity, it is usually ideal to pick a broker that is licensed to offer brokerage services in your jurisdiction. If you go with a foreign broker, the situation becomes more complicated form a jurisdictional standpoint. With that said, some traders live in jurisdictions where online retail brokers are not regulated, or where trader protection is lax. In such situations, a broker regulated and supervised by a stricter foreign financial authority can be a better solution, even though it introduced jurisdictional complexity. Make sure you know in advance exactly which legal entity you will have as your broker and which rules that will apply.

Going with an unregulated broker, or one regulated by a lax financial authority, increases counterparty risk. With brokers are unregulated or poorly regulated, it is easier for them to get away with behaviors that can hurt the traders, such as price manipulation and a lack of client fund separation.

Selecting a Broker for Trading

Choosing a broker is one of the most consequential decisions a trader makes. The broker is your conduit through which trades are executed, capital is held, and access to markets is maintained. While many brokers offer similar basic services, e.g. order execution, platform access, and market data, the quality, transparency, and integrity of these services vary widely. A strong trading strategy can be undermined by poor execution, inconsistent pricing, or operational restrictions imposed by the wrong broker.

Brokers are not neutral intermediaries in all cases. Depending on the business model, you broker may be your counterpart in each trade, route your orders to liquidity providers, or aggregate pricing from multiple sources. Understanding how the broker operates, how it earns revenue, and what role it plays in your trading process is critical before placing real capital at risk.

Broker Models and Execution Structure

The underlying structure of a broker’s business model shapes how trades are executed. Broadly speaking, brokers usually fall into one of three categories: market makers, straight-through processing (STP) brokers, and electronic communication network (ECN) brokers. There are also hybrid models. Traders should know which model their broker uses and how it affects trade flow.

• A market maker sets prices internally and may act as the counterparty to client trades. While this allows for tighter control over spreads and liquidity, it also creates a potential conflict of interest if the broker profits when the client loses.
• STP brokers route orders directly to external liquidity providers, without intervention in pricing. This model typically offer lower spreads and more transparent pricing, but may charge commission on each trade.
• ECN brokers place client orders in a central liquidity pool, where orders can be matched with orders from other market participants. You can expect to pay a commission on each trade, while enjoying lower spreads and more transparent pricing.

Hybrid brokers use a combination of internal pricing and external routing, depending on account type, trade size, or market conditions. The execution logic can shift in real time, which adds complexity but may offer better pricing in specific scenarios.

Trading Platforms

Some brokers will give you access to their own proprietary trading platform, while others will give you access to one of the third-party platforms that are utilized by clients from many different brokers. Examples of well-known third-party platforms for retail traders are MetaTrader 4, MetaTrader 5, and cTrader.

Regardless of which solution you pick, a high-quality trading platform that suits your trading style and other needs is really important; both for your bottom line and for your general trading experience. Whether the broker supports its own proprietary system or one or more of the independent platforms, the key consideration is execution stability. A platform must operate consistently under load, process orders accurately, and reflect market prices in real time. Traders should also examine the broker’s server uptime history, platform update cycle, and any restrictions on order types, trade sizes, or instrument access. A well-designed platform supports strategy development, not just execution.

Platform selection also depends on trading style. High-frequency traders may prioritize fast execution and server proximity, while swing traders may require advanced charting, custom indicators, and trade automation tools.

Mobile access has become increasingly important, particularly for monitoring and managing open positions. However, platform convenience should not come at the cost of execution precision.

Spreads, Commissions, and Cost Transparency

Cost structure influences trading performance over time, and it is important to pick a broker and account type where the fee structure is suitable for your particular trading strategy. A fee structure that is great for one strategy can be completely unsuitable for another.

Clear, upfront disclosure of fees—whether on trades, withdrawals, inactivity, or data subscriptions—is a sign of a professional operation. Brokers that obscure these charges or change them without notice create unnecessary financial risk.

Brokers typically earn the bulk of their revenue through spreads, commissions, or a combination of both. Market makers may offer fixed or variable spreads with no commission, while ECN and STP models typically feature raw spreads plus a per-lot commission. As a trader, you need to assess the total transaction cost.

Hidden costs can arise through slippage, requotes, or execution delays. A broker that widens spreads during news events or limits execution during volatility may reduce profitability even if average pricing appears competitive. Traders should track real trade data rather than rely solely on demo environments, which often use idealized execution models.

Deposits and Withdrawals

Access to capital should be straightforward and predictable. You should be able to fund your account easily, using a trusted method such as bank transfer, cards, e-wallet, or a region-specific payment system that you are comfortable with. Both depositing and withdrawing should be efficient, with minimal delays or administrative blocks. Check if you will charged a withdrawal processing fee for every withdrawal, or if you can do a certain number of withdrawals per month without paying the fee.

A broker that enforces high withdrawal minimums or requires extensive documentation each time funds are requested may create friction for traders managing their cash flow.

Fast and consistent handling of deposits and withdrawals tend to reflect operational maturity and financial strength. Repeated complaints about withdrawal delays or denial of funds are a significant red flag.

Customer Support

When problems arise, support quality becomes crucial. A broker’s support team should be accessible 24/7, or at least during the hours when you are most likely to be trading. Many retail traders juggle trading with a full-time day job and need access to support even outside office hours.

It is a good idea to contact the support before you sign up, to see for yourself how quick and skilled they are. Are they knowledgeable about platform technicalities and empowered to resolve normal account issues without delay? Traders should test support responsiveness before committing capital, particularly when trading high frequency or in volatile sessions.

If the broker only offers email support, you will not be able to get step-by-step guidance in real-time, e.g. if you are having trouble getting through a certain process on the trading platform. Phone support or live chat is better in such situations.

Support should not be confused with sales pressure. Brokers that focus more on deposit incentives or upselling account upgrades than on actual assistance and problem solving reveal their underlying priorities.

Regulation

A broker’s regulatory status is an essential part of its operation. If it is regulated by a strict financial authority that takes trader protection seriously, it will be obligated to follow certain standards when it comes to client fund segregation, retail leverage, trade reporting, dispute resolution, capital requirements, and more. Brokers licensed by strict authorities—such as the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the United Kingdom, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), or the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC) in the European Union—must adhere to strict compliance frameworks, and these decrease counterpart risk for the traders.

Jurisdiction matters because not all regulators enforce the same standards. Some very lax regulators offer little more than a registration number and will not provide any meaningful oversight or rule enforcement. While brokers in laissez-faire jurisdictions may offer higher leverage and big welcome bonuses, they also pose greater risks around transparency, fund safety, and recourse in the event of a dispute. The presence of regulation alone is not a guarantee of fairness, but it establishes a framework of accountability.

In some countries, there are governmental programs in place that will reimburse you if your broker becomes insolvent and fails to give you back your money. Typically, such programs will only protect traders located within that jurisdiction that are using brokers licensed to operate in that jurisdiction. This means that if you are living in country X, but use a broker that is only licensed in country Y, you may be without any protection. You are not protected by country X, because your broker is not licensed to operate in country X. You are not protected by country Y, because their reimbursement plan only covers traders in country Y.

Traders should verify a broker’s licensing status directly through the regulator’s website rather than relying solely on claims made by the broker. Any fraudster can claim to have a valid license from a reputable financial authority with strong trader protection.

Note: For traders in the European Union, a broker licensed by one of the EU membership countries is automatically permitted to be active in all membership countries.